The multidimensional therapeutic potential of rumex nepalensis: A comprehensive review

Received: 07-Aug-2024, Manuscript No. mp-24-144732; Accepted: 08-Sep-2024, Pre QC No. mp-24-144732; Editor assigned: 10-Aug-2024, Pre QC No. mp-24-144732; Reviewed: 27-Aug-2024, QC No. mp-24-144732; Revised: 02-Sep-2024, Manuscript No. mp-24-144732; Published: 15-Sep-2024

Introduction

According to a World Health Organization report, around 70% of the world's population in developing countries continues to utilize traditional medicines for basic health care, while approximately 25% of contemporary pharmaceuticals are derived from natural sources. Rumex has around 200 herb species. Rumex Nepalensis Spreng. (Polygonaceae), commonly known as "jungli palak" in Hindi. Rumex is derived from the Latin word for dart, which refers to the shape of the leaves. It is a temperate Himalayan plant that thrives in the Western Ghats, Nilgiri, and Nainital highlands. Rumex Nepalensis is a member of the Magnoliopsid family and genus. Rumex Nepalensis is widely utilized for a number of therapeutic purposes in Indian traditional medicine. According to research, the roots of Rumex Nepalensis exhibit purgative, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, psychopharmacological, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. R. Nepalensis is frequently used in traditional medicine (Bursal et al., 2021). In many places of the world, almost every plant component is employed as a traditional cure. Its leaf extract is used to cure colic and migraines, as well as skin blemishes and syphilitic ulcers. Its aqueous extract can also be used as a wash to alleviate pain. The root has a cleansing effect. Dislocated bones are treated using the root (Kumar et al., 2011). To treat diarrhea and dysentery, a preparation of the root is applied to swollen gums. In some parts of Nepal, it is also used as a green leafy vegetable. For 5 to 15 consecutive days, on an empty stomach, a root infusion of R. Nepalensis is administered orally in Ethiopia to cure ascariasis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and peptic ulcers. Plant-derived bioactive phenolic compounds have been found as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with potential applications in Alzheimer's disease treatment (Tab. 1.) (Jain et al., 2018).

Table 1: Local names of Rumex Nepalensis

Literature Review

Dissemination of Rumex Nepalensis

R. Nepalensis is found in the following countries: China, Afghanistan, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Myanmar. Among the countries covered are Nigeria, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Vietnam, South-West Asia, Turkey, Bhutan, and South Africa. It is widely farmed in India. It can be found from Kashmir to Bhutan in the Himalayas. It is also known as "Tult" in Amharic and "Shuultii" in Oromifa. Traditional medical systems in Nigeria, India, China, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Nepal have used R. Nepalensis (Yadav et al., 2011).

Plant description

It is a fairly widespread plant that grows between 900 m and 4000 m on moist and dry slopes, in the shadow, and even in the plains of the Western Ghats, Nilgiri, Pulney Hills, Nainital Hills, and Palni Hills at elevations between 1200 m and 4,300 m. It thrives at higher elevations. Flowering takes place in April and May, while fruiting happens in June and July in R. Nepalensis. A plant that grows in warm, moderate to tropical climates, mainly at higher altitudes. Thrives in most soil types, but prefers a place in full sun or part shade, a deep fertile, somewhat heavy soil that is rich in humus (Sisay Zewdu et al., 2020; Shrestha et al., 2017; Kunwar et al., 2010; Gaire et al.,2011; Solanki et al., 2012; Rana et al., 2014).

Phytochemical analysis and bioactive constituents of rumex nepalensis

R. Nepalensis has a significant amount of organic chemicals that are both complex and biologically active, according to phytochemical analysis. Numerous secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones, naphthalene’s, saponins, cardiac glycosides, stilbenoids, terpenes, sterols, tannins, steroids, and reducing sugars, were found in the majority of prior phytochemical research studies (Ghosh et al., 2003; Begum et al., 2014; Iqbal et al., 2004; Rokaya et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2012; Giday et al., 2010; Tauchen et al., 2015; Shaikh et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2011). Currently, the majority of the research on the solvent-based isolation and characterization of R. Nepalensis has come from the plant species' root portions, for reasons that are not fully stated. Phytochemical screening revealed the existence of an alkaloid component in the plant species. Anthraquinones found in roots include emodin, chrysophanol, nepalensides A and B, chrysophanein, pulmatin, and chrysophanol glycoside. chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-(6'-O-acetyl) glucopyranoside, and emodin-8-O-β-D-(6-O-acetyl) glucopyranoside; naphthalene like torachrysone, rumexoside, orientaloside, and lyonorecinol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; glycosides like chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, neopodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; and aglycones like neopodin and physcion (Himi et al., 1999; Anthony et al., 1992; Liang et al., 2010; Mei et al., 2009; gautam et al., 2011; Anusuya et al., 2012; Sharma et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). The roots and aerial parts of plants include quercetin-3-O-D-glucuronide, 3-O-methyl epicatechin, and -sitosterol-3-O-Dglucoside, which may be detected in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. Numerous monoterpenoids, oxygenated monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, oxygenated sesquiterpenoids, and hydrocarbons were detected by GC-MS analysis. Piceatannol, resveratrol, and rutin are present in the roots, stems, and leaves in varying amounts that may be caused by variations in genotype, ontogenetic variability, climatic changes, and tissue specialization (Jeelani et al., 2017). The n-BuOH extract of the roots of R. nepalensis contains substances like epicatechin-3-O-gallate and (3,5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxyphenol)-1-O--D-(6-O-galloyl) glucose Cicoemodin and rumexoside C are present in the R. nepalensis extract according to a spectral study. Rumexneposide A and B, as well as citreorosein and torachrysone-8-O--D-glucopyranoside, were recovered from an ethanolic extract of R. Nepalensis roots. Ethanolic extract of R. nepalensis shows the presence of βsitosterol; daucosterol; hexadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic-2,3-dihydroxypropyleste; gallic acid; ethyl gallate; physcion-8-OβD-glucopyranoside; kaempferol; kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside; quercetin; and quercitroside.

Therapeutic benefits of rumex nepalensis

Several Rumex species have demonstrated strong pharmacological effects. Rumex species' roots and aerial parts are used as medications for a number of human ailments, including purgative, tinea, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiarrhea, antiviral, and antibacterial, properties. R. Nepalensis leaves, roots, and a few flora pieces have reportedly been used to cure skin conditions and syphilitic ulcers. Many investigations on this medicinal plant have shown that it has purgative, analgesic, antipyretic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and skeletal muscle relaxant qualities (Tab. 2.) (Bu et al., 2010).

Table 2: Major compounds isolated from the root extract of Rumex Nepalensis and their pharmacological activities HN

Anti-inflammatory activities

The ethnomedical usage of Rumex Nepalensis has included the treatment of inflammation and discomfort. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edoema model, the anti-inflammatory effect of R. Nepalensis ethanolic extract was investigated in 3 doses: 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg of R. Nepalensis. In the carrageenan-induced inflammation model, oral R. Nepalensis extracts significantly (p=0.05) inhibited rat paw edoema in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximum percentage inhibition of 60.86% of paw edoema volume occurring 3 hours after carrageenan injection. The maximal percentage of paw edoema inhibition for the conventional medication diclofenac 50 mg/kg dosage was 67.20% and 0.016%. The Rumex Nepalensis ethyl acetate extract was tested for Cox-2 inhibitory activity in-vitro using an EIA kit and found to have Cox-2 inhibitory activity in-vitro concentration (Wang et al., 2011). A positive control, celecoxib, is utilized. Because ethyl acetate extract and isolated chemicals inhibited Cox-2, they were tested for anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice with TPA-induced ear edoema (Tonny et al., 2017).

Antioxidant activity

The crude ethyl acetate extract demonstrated effective DPPH antioxidant activity, with an IC50 SEM of 26.6 g/mL and 3.1 g/mL. The ethanolic extract of R. Nepalensis inhibited DPPH radicals’ dose-dependently with an IC50 value of 15.84 g/ml, which was almost identical to the standard medication ascorbic acid (IC50: 14.32 g/ml). It also scavenges NO radicals, with an IC50 value of 146.4 g/ml. It also prevented the oxidizing agent-mediated lipid peroxidation. Similarly, with an IC50 value of 97 g/ml, R. Nepalensis can chelate metal-induced oxidation or enzyme activation (Waqas et al., 2016; Vasas et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2018; Enyew et al., 2014; Grover et al., 2014). When the ethanolic root extract of R. Nepalensis was compared to the free radical scavenging activity of normal ascorbic acid, the extract demonstrated superior scavenging action. In vitro experiments revealed that the essential oil extracted from the roots of R. Nepalensis had antioxidant activity comparable to that of ascorbic acid and vitamin E.

Antipyretic activity

Rats were given 500 mg/kg by oral administration of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts made from the roots of Rumex Nepalensis to test their antipyretic effects. The findings of the study demonstrated that extracts of hexane and methanol have strong antipyretic efficacy (Devkota et al., 2015).

Antiproliferative activity

The most significant outcomes were obtained from extracts of Carissa Spinarum, Dodonaea Angustifolia, Jasminum Abyssinicum, Rumex Nepalensis, Rubus Steudneri, and Verbascum Sinaiticum. However, it was discovered that common MRC-5 cell lines were extremely toxic to C. spinarum, J. abyssinicum, and R. steudneri. Only D. Angustifolia and R. Nepalensis extracts demonstrated significant combination antioxidant/anti-proliferative activity (Gautam et al., 2008).

Antidiarrheal activity

Rumex Nepalensis root extract's antidiarrheal activities may be attributed to its reduction of both fluid secretion and gastrointestinal motility. Secondary metabolites discovered through a variety of routes of action may be responsible for the plant's antidiarrheal activity. Throughout the first 24 hours and the remaining 14 days, the crude root extract did not result in any mortalities at a single limit test dose of 2 g/kg. At 100 (P=05), 200 (P=01), and 400 mg/kg (P=001) test dosages, the hydro-methanolic extract significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea and decreased the weight of wet and total faeces in a castor oil-induced diarrheal model (Enyew et al., 2014). Meanwhile, the plant extract significantly reduced the weight and volume of intestinal contents at doses of 200 (P=01) and 400 mg/kg (P=001). The test extract's maximum dose produced the highest antidiarrheal index. Utilizing enters pooling, gastro-intestinal transit, and castor oil-induced diarrheal models, researchers evaluated the test extract's antidiarrheal effectiveness at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg.

Antifungal activity

Rumex Nepalensis and Hyptis Suaveolens (L.) Poiteau extracts have antifungal efficacy against the fungal pathogen (Alternaria solani) that causes early blight in potatoes. In the in vitro study, the poison food approach revealed that aqueous extracts of R. Nepalensis aerial parts (RnA) were more effective than R. Nepalensis roots (RnR) and H. Suaveolens (HS) in suppressing fungus diameter growth. RnA >RnR >HS was the order in which the extracts were most effective at all concentrations (20%, 40%, and 60%). For both preventive and curative controls, RnA had a lower Disease Severity Index (DSI) than RnR and HS. RnA exhibited more activity in both in vitro and in vivo treatments than the other two extracts, which all exhibited some antifungal activity against Alternaria solani. As a result, RnA extracts have the potential to be utilized as a bio-fungicide to reduce early blight in potatoes (Sanjay et al., 2020).

Antibacterial activity

The crude ethyl acetate extract of R. Nepalensis was investigated for its antibacterial properties. With MIC values of 6.3 mg/mL and 3.1 mg/mL, respectively, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It displayed no inhibition at all against the tested fungus. For both grampositive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria, the ethyl acetate fraction shown a high potential for antibacterial activity (Venkatesh et al., 2003).

Antimicrobial activity

At a concentration of 400 g/well, the methanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against all of the test species. The extract's inhibitory impact was determined to be greatest against Escherichia Coli (12 mm) for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus Niger (11 mm) for antifungal activity. Aloeemodin, an anthraquinone isolated from the roots of Rumex Nepalensis Spreng, was investigated for antibacterial effectiveness against four bacterial strains and antifungal activity against three fungus strains using the well diffusion method. Ampicillin 10 g/well (antibacterial) and Fluconazole 10 g/well (antifungal) were utilized as reference standards in this investigation. At a concentration of 400µg/well, the methanolic extract showed some antibacterial efficacy against all the test species. Aloeemodin, a component of the plant, has been shown to have antibacterial properties. For various substances, the agar plate well diffusion technique was employed. A majority of the test microorganisms were significantly inhibited by extracts of benzene and ethyl acetate. benzene and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant activity against gram-positive bacteria S. mutans, which was much higher than the inhibition Zone observed for control Ciprofloxacin (29 mm). This suggests that gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to benzene and ethyl acetate extracts than gram-negative bacteria (Andargie et al., 2022; Pokhrel et al., 2022).

Purgative activity

At oral doses of 100 mg/kg–400 mg/kg, Rumex Nepalensis Spreng. roots showed strong and dose-dependent purgative action 11.

Anti-allergic activity

As an anti-allergic, crushed Rumex Nepalensis leaves are applied to wounds (Kumar et al., 2022).

Anti-diabetic activity

Rumex Nepalensis ethanolic root extract is employed. Normal and glucose-loaded rats were used in an in-vivo hypoglycemia investigation. R. Nepalensis (200 mg/kg) significantly (p0=05) decreased blood glucose levels in normal rats and glucose-loaded rats at 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Metformin (50 mg/kg) is the typical medicine used (Khatri et al., 2018).

Anti-ulcer activity

In pyloric ligation, cold restraint stress, and acetic acid-induced ulcer models, the effects of R. Nepalensis crude hydromethanolic extract and solvent fractions at dosages (100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day) and repeated dosing (200 mg/kg/day for 10 days and 20 days) were investigated. As normal medications and as a positive control, omeprazole (20 mg/kg/day) and/or cimetidine (100 mg/kg/day) were employed. Pretreatment with the crude extract substantially and dose-dependently decreased the amount of stomach secretions, pH, total acidity, and ulcerations in the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model. The gastroprotection provided by R. Nepalensis 400 mg/kg test extract was equivalent to the standard. The ethyl acetate fraction, at 400 mg/kg, provided the best protection against ulcers, whereas the chloroform fraction proved ineffective. In the cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, R. Nepalensis at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased the lesion index (p=0.01). A dosage of R. Nepalensis at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg cured ulcers considerably with a curative ratio of 53.22% and 54.59%, respectively, in a relevant chronic ulcer model therapy (Sisay Zewdu et al., 2020).

Wound healing activity

R. Nepalensis leaf extract was applied to the affected body after being combined with butter or Vaseline. R. Nepalensis's use as a traditional medicinal herb to treat wounds is further supported by the antibacterial and antipyretic properties of the plant products (Kunwar et al., 2010; Begum et al., 2014). Additionally, it has been observed that the plant species' secondary metabolites have wound-healing abilities (Khan et al., 2018). Plant species' capacity to cure wounds has been disclosed through the powder or juice of their leaves (Dwivedi et al., 2019).

Insecticidal activity

Sitophilus oryzae is significantly insecticidal to the R. Nepalensis methanolic root extracts. A significant death rate was also observed for R. Nepalensis methanolic extract against Rhyzopertha Dominica, Callosobruchus analis, and Trogoderma granarium.

Cytotoxic activity

Recent research on the cytotoxicity of R. Nepalensis methanolic root extracts against Artemia salina has been published. It was noted that methanolic root extracts at a concentration of 1,000 g/mL significantly exhibited cytotoxic action against Artemia salina (Hussain et al., 2010; Devkota et al., 2015).

Skeletal muscle relaxant activity

R. Nepalensis root extract in methanol had muscle-relaxing properties. The rotarod test revealed that the methanolic extract caused notable animal skeletal muscle relaxant activity and motor discoordination (Gautam et al., 2008).

Anti-hepatitis activity

24 plants were mentioned by herbalists as being used to treat hepatitis; the most often mentioned herbs were Rumex Nepalensis, Vangueria apiculata, and Solanum incanum. Traditionally, remedies were made by crushing or powdering them, then combining them with water and ingesting them (Hussain et al., 2010; Ghosh et al., 2002). 42 persons were diagnosed and treated as hepatitis patients by herbalists, of which eight of them were HBsAg-positive but no positives for anti-HCV ELISA. Three people treated with various combinations of commonly quoted botanicals showed suppression of blood HBV-DNA at the third and sixth months of viral load evaluation among HBsAg-positive (Beykaso et al., 2023).

Conclusions

This review aimed to shed light on the useful applications of this precious and endangered plant species. Both humans and animals can benefit from its great medicinal and dietary value. Rumex Nepalensis was the focus of a literature review to assemble the phytochemical and pharmacological information, which indicated that this plant is a good source of Phyto complexes and medicinally relevant pure chemicals for the treatment of various illnesses. Numerous medicinal, pharmacological, and phytoremediation capabilities of Rumex Nepalensis have been demonstrated, underscoring the importance of this plant. However, further clinical research must be done to verify the efficacy of pure plant extracts as well as any side effects and toxicity. Extensive, in-depth pharmacological study at the molecular level is necessary to learn more about this plant's latent potential. As a result, future study may focus on broad pharmacological and therapeutic studies, as well as human metabolism. Furthermore, it is critical for present and future researchers to understand the underlying processes of pure compounds having pharmacological activities. More research is needed, however, before this promise may be achieved through nanotechnologies. This plant might be improved by using classic breeding methods, genetic engineering techniques for metal tolerance, or ways for organic compound metabolism. As a result, there is a plethora of study opportunities in these areas.

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