X-ray applications in metal analysis of soil and plants: Insights from a systematic review

Abstract

Ahmed Saleh Alghamdi*, Ali Abdullah Ali Alshamrani, Ibraheem Mohmed Alfadil Moustafa, Hisham Mohammed Alamri, Misfer Mohammed Alwadei, Turki Abdu Essa Shuwayhi, Faisal Mohammed Alshehri

This systematic review explores the development and application of X-ray technologies in the analysis of metal content in soil and plants. X-ray techniques, such as X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and synchrotron radiation, have emerged as powerful tools for precise, non-destructive, and efficient metal analysis. The review highlights their role in identifying metal contamination in soils, understanding mineral compositions, and studying the bioaccumulation and physiological impacts of metals in plants. Comparative insights reveal the advantages of X-ray methods over traditional approaches, including enhanced sensitivity and rapid analysis, while acknowledging challenges such as cost and accessibility. Future directions emphasize the integration of advanced technologies to expand their applications in environmental and agricultural sciences, underscoring the transformative potential of X-ray techniques in fostering sustainable practices.